What Are Off-Budget Activities and How Should They Be Measured? Off-budget activities are government financial operations, expenditures, liabilities, and programs that are excluded from the official budget documents and do not count toward reported budget deficits or...
How Can We Measure the Regulatory Burden of Government? The regulatory burden of government can be measured by evaluating the costs, constraints, and compliance obligations that regulations impose on individuals, firms, and the broader economy. These measurements...
What Role Does Government Activity Relative to GDP Play in Comparisons? Government activity relative to GDP serves as the primary standardized metric for comparing government size, economic involvement, and fiscal policy across countries and time periods by expressing...
How Should Government-Owned Enterprises Be Counted in Public Sector Size? Government-owned enterprises should be counted in public sector size based on the extent of government ownership, control, fiscal dependence, and economic influence rather than solely on legal...
What Is the Shadow Economy and How Does It Relate to Government Measurement? The shadow economy, also called the informal economy or underground economy, encompasses all economic activities that occur outside official observation and taxation, including unreported...
